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Some of the siliceous scales can also be preserved over time as microfossils in deep-sea sediments, providing a window into modern and ancient plankton/ protists communities. Once the organism has perished, part of the siliceous skeletal material dissolves, as it settles through the water column, enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica.

Some silica may also escape from silica-enriched pore waters of pelagic sediments on the seafloor.

Low temperature submarine weathering of oceanic basalts.

Glacial weathering: 2 × 10 12 g SiO 2 yr −1.

Submarine volcanism and associated hydrothermal emanations: 1.9 ± 1.0 × 10 14 g SiO 2 yr −1.

Riverine influx of dissolved silica to the oceans: 4.2 ± 0.8 × 10 14 g SiO 2 yr −1.

Marine sources of silica įive major sources of dissolved silica to the marine environment can be distinguished: Some of the most common siliceous structures observed at the cell surface of silica-secreting organisms include: spicules, scales, solid plates, granules, frustules, and other elaborate geometric forms, depending on the species considered. These organisms extract dissolved silicate from open ocean surface waters for the buildup of their particulate silica (SiO 2), or opaline, skeletal structures (i.e. Unlike the other major nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate, or ammonium, which are needed by almost all marine plankton, silicate is an essential chemical requirement for very specific biota, including diatoms, radiolaria, silicoflagellates, and siliceous sponges. Silicate, or silicic acid (H 4SiO 4), is an important nutrient in the ocean. Silicon is in human connective tissues, bones, teeth, skin, eyes, glands and organs.

Silicon is known to be required by chicks and rats for growth and skeletal development. Likewise, some holoplanktonic protozoa ( Radiolaria), some sponges, and some plants (leaf phytoliths) use silicon as a structural material. nH 2O), which is essential to many plants and animals.ĭiatoms in both fresh and salt water extract dissolved silica from the water to use as a component of their cell walls.

Chemically, bSi is hydrated silica (SiO 2 salts) whose precipitation is dictated by solubility equilibria. This is opposed to the other major biogenic minerals, comprising carbonate and phosphate, which occur in nature as crystalline iono-covalent solids (e.g. Silica is an amorphous metal oxide formed by complex inorganic polymerization processes. For example, microscopic particles of silica called phytoliths can be found in grasses and other plants. Diatoms are capable of synthesizing silica glass in vivo.īiogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals.